Kudan zuma suna daya daga cikin kwari dangin hymenopterans. Wadannan kwari sun kasance masu babbar mu'ujiza wanda dabi'unsu da yadda suke gudanar da rayuwarsu akwai wata babbar aya wanda duk wani mai hankali dole ya tsaya yayi nazari akan haka.

Abu na farko da kudan zuma suke yi mai matukar ban al'ajabi shine yadda suke gina gidansu da yadda suke zuba ruwa mai zaki wanda babu wani mutum ma'abocin hikima da zai iya aikata haka komai iliminsa, amma abin mamaki sai gashi dan karamin kwaro wanda bai fi kasa hannu ka murje shi ba yayi abinda zai gagareka.

Yaya duniyar kudan zuma take

Duniyar kudan zuma ta yi kamanceceniya da duniyar mutane kamar yadda yan Adam keda tsarin gwamnati da talakawa, jami'an tsaro, leburori, da sauran ma'aikata to haka suma suke gudanar da tsarin rayuwarsu. A duk cikin tawagar kudan zuma akwai nau'ukan zuma guda uku sune Workers, Queen da Drones.
Ga hoto nan a kasa wadda ke nuna bambancin tsarin halittar jiki na kowane daga cikinsu.


1. Worker bees (ma'aikata)

Wadannan sune gungun ma'aikata masu hidimar samo abinci da masu gina gida, sun hada da injiniyoyi da leburori masu debo ruwa da masu debo sinadarin necta wani irin sinadari ne dake taruwa cikin furannin filawa akwai masu daukowa da injiniyoyi masu sarrafawa da kuma masu gina saqa, da jami'an tsaro da kuma masu bada abinci ga kanana ko yan jariran zuma wato larvae. 

wadannan sune ma'aikata masu gudanar da duk hidimar tafiyar da tawaga (colony). Daukacin workers dake rundunar kudan zuma mata ne zalla.

2. Queen (Sarauniya)

Wannan ita kadaice sarauniya a duk cikin zugar kudan zuma itace take saka kwayaye 2000 zuwa 3000 a rana guda. A iya tsawon rayuwar sarauniyar kudan zuma tana samar da kwayaye kimanin 250, 000 a duk shekara, tana samar da sama da miliyan 1 kafin ta mutu. Bayan ta tsufa ko ta mutu sai a zabi daya daga cikin yayanta sarauniyoyi, wacce aka zaba din sai ta maye gurbinta.

Sarauniya ta bambanta da saura ta fuskar fasalinta. Jikinta ya dara na saura tsayi da tsukakken zunbutu (abdomen) musamman idan lokacin saka kwai ya gabato, zakaga zumbutun bayanta yayi tsawo sosai. Sa'annan fuka-fukanta gajeru ne tsayinsu baya kaiwa kewayen abdomen dinta. Baya ga haka, bakinta ya danyi lankwasa kuma ya dara na workers tsayi. Sarauniya tana rayuwa mai tsawo kimanin shekaru har 5 a duniya kafin ta mace.

Wani Babban abinda ya kara bambanta queen da sauran zuma shine akwai wani irin ruwa datake fitarwa mai suna Pheromones yana matsayin wani gam na musamman wanda take yi musu shaida ga kowane kudan zumar dake tawagar. Sa'annan wannan sinadari datake fitarwa yana wani irin wari-wari wanda hakan ke kara bambantata da sauran kudan zuma.

3. Drones (Male bees)

Drones sune mazajen kudan zuma masu saduwa da queen wannan shine babban aikinsu a cikin tawaga. Su drones siffarsu da tsarin halittar gabobinsu ya sha bamban da queen da workers. Suna da tafkeken kai da faffadan abdomen kuma basu da maciza (stinger). Drones sun dogara ne da workers su suke ciyar da su, kuma sun fi workers cin abinci. Wadannan mazajen kudan zuma sune suka fi yawa acikin zuga, kuma basu cika tsawon rai ba galibi suna macewa da zarar sun gama saduwa da queen a lokacin mating flight.

Yadda kudan zuma ke saduwa

Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata sarauniya daya ce rak a cikin tawagar kudan zuma ita take saka kwayaye. Idan lokacin saduwarsu yayi sai sarauniya ta fito daga farfajiyarta sai ta fice daga anya sai wasu daga cikin drones kamar guda 15 zuwa 20 sai su tashi su fira suna bin sarauniya suna saduwa da ita daya-bayan-daya, wannan shi ake kira mating flight a turance.


Wato kudan zuma suna saduwa ne yayin da suke tashi acikin iska idan sun gama saduwa sai su juyo su dawo gida, galibi sun fi aiwatar da wannan flight da rana tsaka. Drones suna gane queen ta hanyar warin jikinta yayin wannan tashi.

Bayan saduwa sarauniyar kudan zuma sai ta dawo anya ta fara saka kwai na tsawon awa 48. Duk kwan data saka cikin kaddarar Ubangiji dama can an riga an kadarta jinsin da zai zama, wasu workers wadansu kuma queens. 

Duk kwan data tsallake bata yaryada maniyyi a kansu ba sai su zama drones amma wadanda ta zizara musu maniyyi sune suke zamowa queens.

Rayuwar Kudan Zuma Daga Haihuwa Zuwa Mutuwa




Daukacin kudan zuman dake cikin tawaga sai sun ketare matakai uku kafin su zama iyaye, wato tun daga matakin kwai, kyankyasa har zuwa girmansu. Wadannan matakai wato (stages) sune kamar haka: egg, larva da pupa. Ga bayanai daki-daki


Egg Stage


Sarauniya tana saka kwayaye a cikin kowanne rami guda. Yayin da ta saka kwan zaka gansu yan mitsi-mitsi kamar shinkafa, duk lokacin da ta saka yana kasancewa a mike kafin kwana uku sai kaga sun fara lankwashewa, a karshen kwana na uku ne sai su kyankyashe su zama wasu yan tsutsotsi kanana to wannan shine mataki na biyu wato larval stage.


Larva Stage



To bayan sun kyankyashe daga kwai zuwa tsutsotsi zakaga sunyi lankwasa kamar haka C sukan manne a cikin raminsu. Lafiyayyen larva zaka ganshi fari-fari, yayin da suka kai kwana biyar zuwa shida sai yan ramukan da suke ciki su toshe da wata farar yana. Yayin da kudan zuma yake matakin larva bazai iya aiwatar da komai ba hatta cin abinci daga cikin workers ne bangaren (nurse) sune suke ciyar 
da yan jariran zuma wato larva.


Pupae Stage 


Dama ita rayuwa mataki-mataki ce daga larval stage sai Pupae stage.
Tun lokacin workers suka gama rufe su da wannan farar yana to a hankali sai jikinsu ya fara rikidewa zuwa manya cikin yan kwanaki kalilan zasu gama hada fuka-fukai da duk wani sashe na cikar halittar kudan zuma kama daga allurar harbi dake dubura zuwa bakinsu da hannuwan da suke dauko sinadari daga filawa da sauran muhimman gabobi da suke basu damar aiwatar da kowanne irin aiki na yau da kullum.

Idanuwa sune suke fara sauyawa na daga launin fari zuwa launin kasa-kasa, daga nan sai sauran gabbai su sauya zuwa ainihin siffar balagaggen kudan zuma.

Wadannan sabbin kudan zuma a cikin su a kwai kowane irin jinsin kudan zuma queen, drones, da workers, suna gama girma cikin kwanaki 14 zuwa 21.

Adult bee


Lokacin da suka cika kwana ashirin da daya to sun gama girma kenan wato sun zama balagaggun kudan zuma wanda zasu iya aiwatar da kowanne irin aiki na tafiyar da tawagarsu. Saboda halittar sassan jikinsu ta gama cika irinsu stinger, thorax, pollen basket da kuma wax glands muhimman sassa ne dake baiwa zuma damar iya aiwatar da kowanne irin aiki. Daga cikin jinsin zuma drones ne kadai basu da pollen baskets da wax glands.