Menene Haske?


Kwayoyin hasken lantarki na photons

Shin a matsayinka na dalibin ilimi ko irin wannan tambaya ta taba darsuwa a ranka kuwa?

To ga cikakken bayani a kimiyyance game da yadda haske ke samuwa.

Haske: Maganadisun lantarki ne mai kyalkyali wanda idanuwa zasu iya gani a zahiri. Maganadisun lantarki yana tabbatuwa ne yayin da aka samu fadadar kewayen mahadar zango (wavelengths) na gamma rays wanda wavelength dinsa kasa da metre 1 × 10−¹¹ na maganadisun radiowave wanda aka gwada da ma'aunin metre.  

Wato dai haske wani irin makamashi ne wanda yake wanzuwa ko bubbugowa daga taskar kwayoyin halittar lantarki na kwayar zarra (atom) yayinda maganadisun lantarki suka hadu da juna a mahadar zango (wavelength).

Ba kowane irin haske ne idanuwan dan Adam suke iya gani ba. Haske ya kasu a kalla rukuni bakwai daga cikin sansanin electromagnetic radiations sune kamar haka:


° Visible light: Wannan shine kadai hasken da kwayar idon mutum zata iya gani, yana daga dangin electromagnetic spectrum wanda idon mutum zai iya tsinkaya. Ya kasance maganadisu mafi tsukakken nuÉ—uqi (range) a kewayen mahadar zango (wavelengths) a fasali ko nisan zango na ma'aunin nanometer dari hudu (400) zuwa dari bakwai da hamsin (750). Wannan haske yana da rukunnai ko launuka shida kamar haka: ja, ruwan lemo, rawaya, kore, shudi da ruwan bayaleti (violet). Launin Ja shine yafi tsayin zango na (wavelength) amma kuma shine mafi karancin nuÉ—uqi (frequency) yayin da launin bayalet kuma yake da mafi gajartar wavelength da kuma frequency mafi fadi. Visible light an kadarta shi yadda idanuwan mutum zasu iya gani kuma ta dalilinsa har dan adam ke iya tsinkayar haske.

Haske baya bukatar magudana yayinda zai yi balaguro daga tushen lantarki zuwa bagire mai nisa ko kusa, yana tafiya ne a bisa mikakke layi cikin fankon sarari (vacuum). Haske shine abu mafi saurin tafiya daga cikin duk wani abu me tafiya ko gudu wanda idanuwa zasu iya gani. Har yanzu ba a sami wani abu wanda ya dara haske saurin gudu ba.

° Radio waves: Yana da sama da 0.1 m na fadin mahadar zango (wavelength). Shine maganadisun lantarki mafi tsayi daga cikin maganadisan samar da haske, wanda kwatankwacin fadinsa yana kamawa kamar fadin filin kwallo zuwa girman wata duniya. Wannan maganadisun haske ana amfani dashi wajen fasahar sadarwa na radio da talabijin.

° Microwaves: Wannan maganadisu yafi radio waves kankantar nisan zango sa'annan kuma yana da nuÉ—uqi (frequency) wanda ya kama daga 10³*³ Hz zuwa 10⁴*³ Hz. Wannan kuma yana amfani ta fannin sadarwar tauraron Dan Adam (satellite).

° Infrared waves: Wannan maganadisun haske idon mutum baya iya ganinsa, yana samuwa ne tsakanin visible light da microwaves. Ma'anar kalmar "infrared" shine kasa da launin ja; wato kasa da jan haske na visible light yake wanzuwa. 

° Ultraviolet rays: Yana wanzuwa ne sama da visible light na violet, sa'annan fadin zangonsa yana farawa ne daga 400 nm zuwa 10 nm. Shima wannan haske idon mutum baya iya ganinsa, amma akwai wasu kwari irin su bumblebees da suke amfani dashi wajen ganin abubuwa.

° X-rays: Wannan ana samunsa tsakanin hasken ultraviolet dana gamma rays sa'annan yana da fadin wavelength daga 10(-8) zuwa 10(-12)m. Hasken X-rays yanada kaifi da karfin iya ratsawa cikin abu fiye da ultraviolet, shi yasa yake tasiri ga kwayoyin halittun jikin dan adam (cells). Ana amfani da x-rays a na'urar scanning ta asibiti da kuma ma'aikatar tsaro.

° Gamma rays: Hasken maganadisun gamma yana da gajeren wavelength sosai amma yana da mafi girman nuÉ—uqi (frequency) wannan yasa ya zama haske mafi karfi wajen iya ratsa abubuwa fiye da kowane haske a sansanin maganadisan hasken lantarki wato (electromagnetic radiation). Ana samun wannan haske a yayin fashewar wasu taurarin neutron da supernova. Ana amfani da wannan maganadisu a fannin nuclear medicine, tsaro da kuma maganin cancer saboda karfin wannan sinadarin haske.


Yaya Saurin gudun Haske yake?

kwayoyin halittar haske sune abu mafi saurin tafiya a duniya

Haske (visible light)yana tafiyar meter 299,792,458 a duk cikin dakika guda wato kenan yana gudu na tsawon mita miliyan dari biyu da casa'in da tara da dari bakwai da casa'in da biyu da dari hudu da hamsin da takwas a cikin kiftawar ido bisa ma'aunin daidataccen makunsar vacuum. 

Wannan ya nuna kenan haske yana tafiyar mil 186,282 wato daidai da kilomita 299,792 a duk sakan guda na agogo. Kaga kenan a misali in har zaka iya gudu irin na haske to zaka iya zagaye duniya sau 7.5 a cikin sakan guda.

Ta yaya Haske ke wanzuwa a cikin kwan lantarki?



Fasalin yadda haske ke wanzuwa a cikin kwan lantarki

Haske na wanzuwa ta hanyar kwayar halittar lantarki na electron masu caji da kuma marasa caji wadanda sun samo asali ne daga cikin dunkulen kwayar zarra (atom) mai dauke da nau'in kwayar halitta dake tsakiyar zarra managarciya wato (nucleus) wanda shi kuma nucleus kwayoyin halittu biyu ne suka hadu a cikinsa (protons) da (neutrons). Proton yana kunshe da chajin lantarki mai nagarta (+1e) sai electron yana dauke da mara chaji yayin da neutron yake kunshe da lantarki marasa chaji (n) kwatakwata.

Kwayoyin electron na atom suna da rabe-raben energy mabanbanta, kawai ya dangata da yanayin nau'ukan dabi'u kamar sauri (speed) da kuma tazara (distance) daga kokuwar nucleus.

Jinsin Kwayoyin electron mabanbantan karfi energy sukan cike gurbi ko muhallin da'ira (orbitals) bai daya.

Electron masu karfin energy suna kaucewa ko kauracewa da'irar neutron da tazara mai nisa sosai, to kaga kenan idan atom ya rasa energy ko ya samu karin energy nan take za a samu sauyi na tafiyar kwayoyin lantarki na electrons.

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Menene Guguwa a kimiyyance

Idan wani abu ya ratsa ta cikin energy din atom nan take kwayar electron guda daya zata iya fadada (boost) na wucin gadi zuwa matakin kewaya da'ira mai karfin gaske (higher orbital) da tazara mai nisan gaske daga da'irar nucleus. Kwayar electron zata rike wannan matsayin ne na kankanin lokaci, cikin yan sakwanni sa'annan sai ta dawo kan hanyarta cikin da'irar nucleus.

Idan haka ta kasance nan take electron zai amayar da wasu sabbin energy na kwayoyin lantarki, Wadannan kwayoyin halittar lantarki wadanda aka matsosu daga jikin atom na samuwar haske ana kiransu da suna photons a turance.

yayinda electrons suka kwaranya
 cikin kwan lantarki to akwai wata yar siririyar waya mai suna filament a cikin kwan idan ta dauki zafi sosai a bisa ma'aunin zafi na 2000k zuwa 3000k wanda hakan keda wuya sai filament din ya fitar da kyalli (glow) a matsayin haske. Kaga heat energy ya rikide ya zama light energy kenan.

Photons sune ainihin kwayar samammen haske sun kasance sunada fasali ko siffa amma basu da nauyi ko gangar jiki.

Photons yan mitsi-mitsi ne fiye da biliyan dari, sune asalin madarar hasken wanda idanuwan dan Adam ke iya gani a zahiri (visible light).

Ta yaya Haske ke isa ga idanuwanmu?

Yadda haske ke ratsa cikin idanuwa a bisa siririn layi na rays of light

Kamar yadda muka sani haske bashi da nauyi amma yana da fasali, kuma bashi da alkibla (bazuwa yakeyi ta ko'ina), bashi da gangar jiki saboda haka ba zai yiwu a damkeshi da hannu ba, Sai dai abin samar da hasken yanada gangar jiki misali kwan lantarki.

Haske bashi da magudana wanda yake gangarawa kamar yadda ruwa yakeyi amma yana tafiya ne a fankon sarari wato (vacuum) a turance.

Haske yana tafiya cikin siririn layinsa mai suna ray, cikin fankon sarari tafiyar miliyoyin mitoci kamar yadda bayani ya gabata a baya. Ray of Light suna tafiya a cikin mikakiyyar hanya (straight line) kafin hasken ya daki wani abu (object).

Idan rays na (visible light) ya bugi  kwayar ido ta cikin wani gilashi dake tsakiyar kwayar ido mai suna cornea akwai masarrafai biyu pupil da iris dake taimakawa wajen daidaita hasken sai ya zarce zuwa cikin retina daga bayan ido, sai kuma retina ta tura shi zuwa vision center na kwakwalwa, nan take sai ta fassara irin hasken da ido ya gani.

Shin ko Capacitor zai iya aiki cikin kwan lantarki?

Rabe-raben capacitors wadanda ake amfani dasu a na'u'rori da ban da ban

   Da farko menene capacitor?

Capacitor wani dan karamin abu ne mai kama da batiri da ake jonawa cikin kusan kowace irin na'ura mai aiki da wutar lantarki, dan karamin abu ne mai matukar amfani yana dauke da bangarori biyu na karfe wato (metallic plates) mai chaji (+) da kuma mara chaji (-)  sai dielectric (abinda wutar lantarki bata iya ratsawa ta cikinsa) wanda ya raba tsakaninsu da juna kamar haka (+|-).

Metallic plate zai iya kasancewa ko dai dan siririn karfe ko aluminium ko disk (abubuwan da wutar lantarki zata iya ratsawa ta cikinsu). Amma bangaren dielectric kuwa zai iya kasancewa ko dai gilashi, ko roba ko takarda ko kuma iska (abubuwan da wutar lantarki bazata iya ratsawa ta cikinsu ba).

Capacitor yana kasancewa tamkar wani asusun lantarki ne na musamman a taskar wutar lantarki, cajin da capacitor yake ajiyewa shine electrostatic energy a kan uwar lantarki (electric field).

Yadda Capacitor ke iya adana Wutar lantarki 

Aikin capacitor shine karbar wutar lantarki na wucin gadi kafin ya rabasu zuwa wasu sassa yayinda bukatar hakan ta taso. Wutar lantarki zata iya ratsawa cikin capacitor ne kadai yayin da karfin voltage na wuta yana sauyawa.

Yayin da madarar kwayoyin voltage na lantarki suka gudana cikin conductive plates (faifan da wutar lantarki take iya ratsawa ) nan take sai asalin wutar lantarki ta fara ratsawa tsakanin bangon metallic plates mai chaji managarci (positive) (+) da mai chaji mara nagarta (negative) (-). Daya bangon zai kasance managarci (positively charged) saboda ya rasa kwayoyin lantarki (electrons lost). Yayin da daya bangon kuma zai kasance mara nagarta (negatively charged) saboda ya sami kwaranyar kwayoyin lantarki (electrons gained). To tunda an sami banbanci na nau'in kwayoyin lantarki a bangwayen nan biyu to nan take sai yarjejeniya ta kullu tsakanin juna sai a sami gogayya da juna (attraction). Kada ka manta dama akwai insulator (abinda wuta bata iya ratsawa ta ciki) wanda ya raba tsakanin positive (+) plate da negative (-) plate dan haka wutar lantarki bata watsuwa daga sashe zuwa sashe sai dai su tabbata a zaman yarjejeniya ta keke-da-keke (mutual attraction) yayin da capacitor yake tsaye baya aiki, to a haka capacitor yake iya adana wutar lantarki acikinsa.



Kwayoyin electron na atom su kan kwaranya cikin ma'adanar wuta (capacitor) wanda aka makala cikin na'ura mai amfani da lantarki yayinda zai sarrafa akalarsu zuwa sashe da sashe na kuibin metal plate to a haka capacitor ke sarrafa saurin tafiyar electrons akan hanyar uwar lantarki (circuit).

Dan haka a takaice capacitor bashi da wani amfani acikin kwan lantarki shi yasa da wuya ka sami kwan lantarki mai dauke da capacitor.

Kadan daga cikin kayayyakin dake aiki da capacitor

° Computer (Na'ura)
° Radio (Rediyo)
° Television (Talbijin)
° Wristwatch (Agogon hannu)
° Ceiling fan (Fanka)
° Compressor (Kwamfiresa na frish)
° Wiper (Abin goge gilashin mota)
° Amplifier (Amfilifaya)
Da sauran abubuwa birjik wadanda bazai yiwu a lissafo su duka ba.

Banbanci tsakanin capacitor da batiri



Sassan capacitors


Capacitor: zai iya karbar chaji ya adana sa'annan ya raba zuwa wasu sassa amma bazai iya hayayyafar wasu sabbin kwayoyin lantarki ba.

Saboda haka idan aka hada capacitor da kwan lantarki ba shakka kwan zai iya kawo haske amma zai rika dusashewa yayinda chajin dake cikin capacitor yake raguwa, sannu a hankali har sai kwan ya dawo kiri-kiri saboda shi capacitor yana iya karbar wuta ne na wucin gadi kafin ya zuke gaba daya (discharge).

Batiri: amma kaga batiri kuwa zai iya karbar chaji ya adana tsawon lokaci sa'annan kuma ya kan kirkiri wasu sabbin kwayoyin halittar lantarki masu caji da marasa chaji.

Sassan batiri da yadda lantarki ke gudana a cikinsa

Capacitor ya kan tsiyaye dukkan kwayoyin lantarki gaba daya a lokaci guda amma battery kuwa yana tsiyayesu ne a hankali mataki-mataki har su fice gaba daya. 
References
  1. CIE (1987). International Lighting Vocabulary Archived 27 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Number 17.4. CIE, 4th edition. ISBN 978-3-900734-07-7.
    By the International Lighting Vocabulary, the definition of light is: "Any radiation capable of causing a visual sensation directly."
  2. ^ Pal, G.K.; Pal, Pravati (2001). "chapter 52". Textbook of Practical Physiology (1st ed.). Chennai: Orient Blackswan. p. 387. ISBN 978-81-250-2021-9. Retrieved 11 October 2013. The human eye has the ability to respond to all the wavelengths of light from 400–700 nm. This is called the visible part of the spectrum.
  3. ^ Buser, Pierre A.; Imbert, Michel (1992). Vision. MIT Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-262-02336-8. Retrieved 11 October 2013. Light is a special class of radiant energy embracing wavelengths between 400 and 700 nm (or mμ), or 4000 to 7000 Ã….
  4. ^ Uzan, J-P; Leclercq, B (2008). The Natural Laws of the Universe: Understanding Fundamental Constants. Translated by Robert Mizon. Springer-Praxis, Internet Archive: 2020-06-14 AbdzexK uban. pp. 43–4. Bibcode:2008nlu..book.....U. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74081-2. ISBN 978-0-387-73454-5.

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Menene Guguwa a kimiyyance

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