Menene Computer ?

Computer wata na’ura ce ko inji  wanda tana sarrafuwa ne da taimakon ajiyayyun dokoki da aka tsara mata. Wadannan dokokin sune suke bata damar iya aiwatar da umarnin da aka bata har takai ga fitar da sakamakon.

Muhimman bangarori a computer wadanda in basu baza tayi aiki ba

1. Processor: Wannan shine massarafi mai juya akalar na'ura, shine jagaba wajen ingiza na'ura ta iya aiwatar da aiki tsakanin gangar jiki da ruhi (Hardware and software)

2. Memory: Wannan itace kwakwalwar dake taskance bayanan dake shige da fice tsakanin gundumar kwakwalwar na'ura (CPU) da ma'ajiya (Storage)

3. Motherboard: Wannan shine uwar gangar jikin na'ura mai kwakwalwa wanda ya kunshi duk karikitan da aka jona har suka hadu aka samar da na'urar.

4. Storage Device: Wannan shine duk wani abu wanda za'a iya ajiye bayanan computer acikinsa na dindindin kamar hard disk da sauransu.

5. Input Device: Wannan shine duk wani abu wanda zai taimaka wajen shigar da bayanai cikin na'ura, misali keyboard da sauransu.

6. Output Device: Wannan kuma shine duk wani abu mai taimakawa wajen fitar da bayanai ko sakamako daga cikin na'ura mai kwakwalwa misali Monitor, Speaker da sauransu.

    Ajujuwan Computer


 Computer ta rabu zuwa ajujuwa a kalla guda biyar ta fuskar la'akari da girma ko kankanta sune kamar haka:

1. Micro Computer 

2. Mini Computer 

3. Mainframe Computer

4. Super Computer

5. Workstations
 

Ta yaya kwamfiyuta ke sarrafa bayyanai?


Kwamfiyuta tana sarrafa bayani ne da taimakon wani shiryayyen siddabaru wanda ake kira "Program" Shine yake nunawa na'ura abinda zatayi da kuma kaifiyyar yadda zatayi. Program ana amfani da yaren computer wajen shiryashi. Ilimin yaren kwamfiyuta daya shafi shirya program shi ake kira programming, wanda yake shiryawa kwamfiyuta dokoki kuma shi ake kira programmer.

Misalin yadda kwamfiyuta take aiki shine:-

 Misali: Dan adam yana shakar iska ta hanci wannan iskar acikinta akwai wani sinadari wanda jini yake bukata wato (oxygen) bayan mun shaki iskar sai hunhu ya cire Oxygen daga cikin iskar sai mu numfasar da wani sinadari da ake kira Carbondioxide, wato hunhu ya sarrafa iskar ya tace wanda zai amfanemu kenan.

Abin dubawa anan shine yayin da ka shaki iska ta shiga cikin hunhu an sarrafata, sannan ka dawo da ita kaga anan akwai mashiga (input), sarrafawa (process), da kuma fitarwa (output), to itama Computer haka take aiki akwai inda za’a shigar mata da bayani sa'annan ta sarrafa bayanin sa'annan ta fitar da sakamako.

Muhimman wuraren da ake aiki da Computer yau da kullum 


Computer ta zama jigo a rayuwar mu musamman a wannan zamani na kimiyya da fasaha, ana amfani da Computer a wurare da dama kamar haka:-

(i) Buga jarida: Ana amfani da na'ura mai kwakwalwa wajen buga jaridu, ba don akwai computer ba da ba zamu samu damar karanta labaran duniya a jarida ba.

(ii) Makarantu: Ana amfani da kwamfiyuta a makarantu da dama domin buga lissafin maki na dalibai, gami da tattara sakamakon daliban makaranta gaba daya sa'annan a maka sakamakon, sai a fitar da yawan makin kowane dalibi, daga nan sai a fitar da sakamakon wanda yai nasara tun daga na farko har zuwa na karshe duk acikin Computer bayan haka ana ajiye sunaye da bayanai na dalibai, da sunayen abubuwan makaranta, ko kuma koyar da dalibai, da sauransu.

(iii) Asibitoci: Ana amfani da kwamfiyuta wurin taskance bayanan marasa lafiya, yawan gadaje, adadin likitoci da nas, da kuma tantance adadin kudaden da marasa lafiya suka bayar haka zalika kwamfiyuta (Robot) tana iya  rarraba abinci ga marasa lafiya wadanda ba a cika son mutum ya kusancesu ba.

(iv) Bankuna: A bankuna ana amfani da na'urori domin taskance bayanan akawun na kwastomomi, bawa kwastomomi kudi ta hanyar amfani da na'urar ATM da sauran muhimman bayanai game da tafiyar da harkar bankin baki-daya.

(v) Gidaje: A gidaje ana amfani da kwamfiyuta domin yin karatu, bincike, kallon finafinai, wasannin gem, lissafi, tura sakonni ko wasika (email), aiwatar da kasuwanci ta Internet kana daga kan gadonka, da sauran abubuwa mara adadi.

(vi) Gwamnati: Ma’aikatu na gwamnati suna amfani da kwamfiyuta wurin ajiye bayanai game da ma’aikata, da lissafin salarin ma'aikata, da sauran abubuwa masu yawan gaske.

(vii)Tsaro: A ma'aikatar tsaro irin su bariki ko gidan shugaban kasa (Villa) akwai na'urori na musamman masu hangen nesa na duk wani hatsarin daya tunkaro za'a ga ko menene sai a dauki mataki cikin gaggawa.

(viii) Kamfanoni da Ma’aikatu: kamfanoni da ma’aikatu suna amfani da kwamfiyuta wurin lissafin abubuwan da suke kerawa, ko amfani da kwamfiyuta wurin kera wani abu, misali kwamfanin kera motoci da jirage suna amfani da kwamfiyuta wurin kera motoci ko jirage, sa'annan kuma kwamfiyuta (Robot) na iya kera kwamfiyuta da sauransu.

Tarihin yadda aka kirkiro kwamfiyuta 



Kafin zuwan Computer dan adam ya kera abubuwa da dama wurin aikawa da sako, ko nuna sako, misali a farko dan Adam yana amfani da yatsun hannu guda goma wurin yin lissafi, da aka  samu ci gaba sai ya koma yana aiki da duwatsu idan zai kirga dari sai ya hada dutse guda dari tukunna.

 Idan zai tara saba’in da talatin sai ya samu dutse guda saba’in sannan yakara talatin akan saba’in din sannan ya kirga yawan duwatsun sai yaga dari.

Bayan ya sake samun ci gaba sai ya koma amfani da farin dutse da kuma bakin dutse kamar haka: 

Farin Dutse = 10
Bakin Dutse = 1

Idan zai kirga ashirin da uku sai ya hada:

Fari+Fari+Baki+Baki+Baki = 23 
  10 + 10 +   1  +  1  +   1     = 23

Farare guda biyu Bakake guda uku idan aka tara ya zama 23 kenan.
 
Bayan kamar misalin shekaru dari uku da suka shige dan adam ya fara tunanin kera wasu injina na lissafi kamar su:

1. Abacus: Wannan shine injin na'ura na farko wanda aka kirkira a kasar Sin kimanin shekaru 4000 da suka gabata. An ginata da wasu karafa da kuma kulalai masu kama da 'ya'yan charbi ana sarrafasu bisa ka'idojin lissafi. Har yau har gobe ana amfani da wannan na'ura a kasashen Sin, Rasha da Japan. Ga hoton daga kasa.

Na'urar Abacus


2. Pascaline: Wannan injin lissafi wasu lokuta ana kiransa da arithmetic machine ko kuma adding machine. An kirkire shi tsakanin shekarar 1642 zuwa 1644 wanda wani Philosopher bafaranshe masanin lissafi mai suna Biaise Pascal ya kirkira. Ga hoton injin a kasa kamar haka:

Na'urar Pascaline

3. Napier's Bones: Wannan injin lissafi ne wanda aka kirkira da kasusuwan giwa wanda wani masanin lissafi mai suna John Napier ya kirkira a shekarar 1550 zuwa 1617. An gina injin da kasusuwa tara wanda akayi musu alama da lambobi ana amfani wajen lissafin rubanyawa da rabawa (Multiplication and division). A tarihi wannan inji shine na farko da aka fara amfani dashi wajen lissafin decimal point.

Napier' Bones


4. Stepped Reckoner: Wani bajamushe philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz shine ya kirkiri na'urar a shekarar 1673. Ya kirkiri na'urar don ta maye gurbin pascaline ta fuskar bunkasa da cigaba. Hakika anyi amfani da fasaha sosai wajen kera wannan na'ura.

injin Stepped Reckoner

5. Difference Engine: A farko-farkon shekarar 1820s Wani masanin lissafi mai suna Charles Babbage wanda ake masa lakabi da (Father of modern computer) ya kirkiri wannan na'urar mai ban al'ajabi. Wannan injin na'ura yana iya lissafa ka'idojin logarithm table. Wannan shi ake kira karni na farko na kwamfiyuta wato (1st Generation of Computers). 
Difference Engine


6. Analytical Engine: Bayan Charles Babbage ya kera Difference Engine sai kuma ya sake kirkirar wata na'ura wanda ta dara ta farko mai suna Analytical Engine a shekarar 1830. Wannan na'ura ta kasance mai matukar ban mamaki, tana iya aiwatar da duk wani dangin ilimin lissafi kuma tana amfani da Punch-cards a matsayin input device, sa'annan tana iya aje bayanai na dindindin a cikin kwakwalwarta wato memory. Ga hoton na'urar daga kasa.

Analytical Engine 

7. Tabulating Machine: A shekarar 1890 wani mai suna Hermann Hollerith ya kirkiri wannan na'ura mai kaifin basira bayan an samu cigaba sosai a fannin kimiyya. Itama an kirkireta ne bisa tsarin amfani da punch-cards tana iya tsara lissafi da kuma kayyadewa gami da rarrabe bayanai cikin sauri. Wannan na'ura anyi amfani da ita a census na Amurka na shekarar 1890.

Tabulating Machine 

8. Differential Analyzer: Wannan itace farkon electronic computer wato na'ura mai amfani da lantarki an kaddamar da ita a kasar Amurka a shekarar 1930. Tana daga cikin jinsin analog computer wanda ya kerata shine Vannevar Bush. Na'urar tanada wasu tube wanda ake kunna siginan lantarki don fara aiwatar da lissafi. Bayan haka tanada karfin gudanar da lissafe-lissafe har guda 25 cikin yan mintuna.


9. Mark I: Babban sauyin da aka samu a duniyar kere-keren na'urori shine tun shekarar 1937 yayin da wani gwarzo a fagen kimiyya mai suna Howard Aiken ya kirkiri na'ura mafi karfin iya lissafi mai zurfi na manyan lambobi. A 1944 an samu kulla kawance tsakanin na'urarorin Mark I computers da IBM da Harvard. Sa'annan itace na'ura ta farko mai dauke da manhaja wato (First programmable digital computer).


Generations of Computers

Generations of computers na nufin karnuka ko zamunnan da aka fara samar da na'urorin computer masu amfani da lantarki tun daga karni na daya har zuwa na biyar.

 Kafin lokacin ana kera mechanical computer ne, wato na'urorin da ana sarrafasu ba tare da lantarki ba saboda basu da transistor ko IC. 

Ga misalan sauyi ko cigaban da aka samu tun daga karni na farko zuwa na biyar na generations of computers a takaice.

1. First Generation of Computer: Karnin farko na computer ya fara ne daga (1946 zuwa 1959). Na'urorin da aka kirkira a lokacin galibi suna aiki ne da punch-cards, magnetic tape da paper tape a matsayin output da input device. 

 A karni na farko Computer girman ta a kalla yakai kamar gida guda lokacin sai manyan ma’aikatu ne suke aiki da ita. A karni na Biyu kuma an rage girman Computer da taimakon wani abu wanda ake kira TRANSISTOR. An kera na'urorin computer na electronic na farko kamar haka:
  • Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
  • EDVAC ( Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
  • UNIVACI( Universal Automatic Computer)
  • IBM-701
  • IBM-650
2. Second Generation of Computer: Karni na biyu na computer kuwa ya fara ne daga (1959 zuwa 1965). A wannan zamanin aka fara amfani da na'urorin farko masu amfani da transistor. Sun kasance masu inganci da saurin aiwatar da aiki fiye da na'urorin karnin na 1. Ga jerin computocin da aka samar a zamanin:

  • IBM 1620
  • IBM 7094
  • CDC 1604
  • CDC 3600
  • UNIVAC 1108
3. Third Generation of Computer: A wannan karni na 3 kuma an samar da na'urori masu amfani da IC wato (Integrated Circuit) a madadin transistor. IC kwaya daya rak sai ya aiwatar da aikin da transistoci goma zasuyi, saboda haka lallai an samu ci gaba ta fannin ingancin na'urori da saurin gudanar da aiki fiye da na'urorin karni na 2. Ga kadan daga cikin ire-irensu:
  • IBM-360 series
  • Honeywell-6000 series
  • PDP(Personal Data Processor)
  • IBM-370/168
  • TDC-316
4. Fourth Generation of Computer: A karni na hudu kuwa (1971 zuwa 1980) an kera na'urori masu ban mamaki wajen cika aiki, saboda an kera su da sabuwar fasaha na amfani da wani abu mai suna Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI circuits) wannan abu yana dauke da transistoci fiye da miliyan ajikinsa dan haka yake baiwa computer kuzari da ingancin aiwatar da duk wani aiki da aka umarce ta. Kuma a wadannan jinsin na'urorin ne aka fara aiki da fasahar programing language na C, C++, DBASE da sauransu. Ga kadan daga cikinsu:
  • DEC 10
  • STAR 1000
  • PDP 11
  • CRAY-1(Super Computer)
  • CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
5. Fifth Generation of Computer: Karni na 5 na computer ya fara ne tun daga shekarar (1980 har zuwa yau) an samu sabuwar fasaha ta amfani da ULSI wato (Ultra Large Scale Integration) wanda ya maye gurbin VLSI. Wannan fasaha ta bada damar saka microprocessor chips da kuma miliyoyin kayayyaki masu amfani da lantarki acikin na'urar Computer. Na'urorin wannan zamani suna amfani da fasahar AI (Artificial Intelligence) fasaha ce mai ban mamaki wanda na'ura zata iya aiki cikin salo irin na tunanin dan Adam. Kuma suna aiki karkashin programming language na C, C++, Java, Python, Net da sauransu. Ire-iren wadannan na'urorin zamani sune:
  • Desktop
  • Laptop
  • NoteBook
  • UltraBook
  • ChromeBook

KARANTA WANNAN: ► Menene Bitcoin, ko kunsan amfanin Bitcoin? 


Halaye ko dabi'un kwamfiyuta 


Kamar yadda kasan dan Adam yana da dabi'u na musamman wanda yake dabi'antuwa dasu wajen aikata abubuwa a rayuwarsa to haka itama computer tana da dabi'u masu yawa.

Duk wata na’ura da zata iya taimakawa wajen aiwatar da abubuwa cikin sauri kwamfiyuta ce zaka iya gane halayen kwamfiyuta kamar haka:- 

Sauri: kwamfiyuta tana da matukar sauri domin zata iya sarrafa abubuwa kamar miliyan daya a cikin sakan, batare da tayi kuskure ko daya ba. 

Adanawa: kwamfiyuta tana iya daukan abubuwa masu dimbin yawa, akwai kwamfiyutar da zata iya daukan abu guda Biliyan dari uku, a cikin ma’ajinta (HARD DISK). 

Sarrafuwa: kwamfiyuta ana sarrafata ta hanyoyi da dama, duk yadda kakes on ka sarrafata, misali zaka iya jin labaran rediyo, zaka iya kallon labaran TV, idan kasaka katin kallon labarai, zaka iya buga waya da ita, zaka iya buga lissafi, zaka iya amfani da ita wurin kunna makunnin lantarki na dakinka, zaka iya koyan karatu da ita, da sauransu.

Ba ta umarni (Programming): zaka iya shiryawa kwamfiyuta umarni ta rinka bin umarninka, ko ka koyar da ita abu, misali zaka iya mayar da ita Hausa, zaka iya sata ta karanta maka Hausa, zaka iya mayar da rubutunta daga turanci zuwa Hausa, zaka iya kera taskarta (OS) na Hausa.

kwamfiyuta zata iya abubuwan ban mamaki, domin ankera kwamfiyuta mai siffar dan adam wato (ROBOT) wacce, zata iya shiga aji ta koyar da karatu, wato ta koyar da dalibai ko wane darasi, sa'annan akwai wacce an kera ta kamar likita zata iya yin aikin likitanci, misali zaka fada mata abubuwan da suke damunka ta rubuto maka magungunan da zaka nema, kuma akwai wadanda an kerasu kamar sojoji, zasu iya fita suyi yaki sosai kamar yadda sojoji suke yaki, kuma duk kwamfiyuta ce, har zasu iya tuka mota, akwai irin su (AI ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE) wadanda zasu iya dafa abinci su rarraba abinci a hotel da sauransu. 

Abubuwan da suka hadu suka gina taskar na'ura mai kwakwalwa 





Abubuwan da suka hadu suka gina ilimin na’ura mai kwakwalwa abubuwa ne guda biyu wato Hardware da Software. 

Hardware: Sune bangaren gangar jikin kwamfiyuta wanda kake gani sa'annan kake iya tabashi da hannu misali:- Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, da sauransu.

Software: wannan shine bangaren ruhin computer wato wasu dokoki ne da kwamfiyuta take aiki dasu domin ta sarrafa kanta, wanda wadannan dokokin sune suke ba hardware damar aiwatar da aiki.

 Wadannan dokokin shiryasu akeyi wanda zasu rinka ba kwamfiyuta damar yin abubuwa, sune a turance ake kira Programs ko application wato manhaja da Hausa misali akwai softwayar da zata taimaka maka wurin rubuta wasika da Computer,
yi nazarin manhajojin dake kasa da amfanin da zasuyi maka a Computer:

Email = aika sakon wasika 
Excel = Buga Lissafi 
Flashtool = Gyara waya 
Gom player = Kallon fim
Corel Draw = zane-zane
Encarta kid = Karatu
Nero = Girka file a faifain CD
Converter = Juya bidiyo zuwa audio, ko daga babban bidiyo zuwa karami ds.
 

Akwai miliyoyin software a duniya mara adadi kuma kowacce akwai aikin da zata iya yi maka a computer, kai dai idan kana son kayi wani abu sai ka nemi softwayar. Iya kwarewarka a computer iya yadda zaka amfana da ita saboda ta kasance mai zurfin gaske. 

Da programs ne kadai na'ura zata iya aiki saboda idan babu software hardware kadai bazata yi aiki ba.

 koda mutum ne idan babu jini da ruwa a jikinsa to kasusuwan jikinsa kadai baza su yi aiki ba, to itama haka na'urar computer take software shine ruhinta yayin da hardware kuma gangar jiki.

Abubuwan da suka hadu suka zama kwamfiyuta





1. Mouse



(mawus) Wani dan karamin massarafi ne mai kama da bera da ake motsashi wajen sarrafa kwamfiyuta, shine massarafa ko stiyari wanda mai amfani da computer zai rike ya rika zabar abinda yake so ko inda yake son shiga. Yana da madannai biyu ta bangaren dama da hagu (Right and left click). Wannan abu yana daga cikin output devices, ya rabu a kalla gida uku kamar haka: 

(i) Trackball mouse 🖱: Wannan yana da wata yar kwallo a tsakiya domin saukakewa mai amfani da shi wajen gangarawa ko haurawa sama a cikin allon computer. 

(ii) Mechanical mouse 🖲: Wannan kuma yana da tsarin kwallo shima amma yana kunshe da masarran gangarawa rollers da dama, yanada karfin aiwatar da aiki fiye dana farko. 

(iii) Optical mouse 🖱: An tsara wannan mouse din wajen gudanar da aiki da tsarin optical electronic domin damar sarrafa na'ura. 

(iv) Cordless or wireless mouse 🖲: Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna wannan mawus ne wanda ake amfani dashi ba tare da an jona shi da na'ura ba yana aiki kamar remote da tsarin fasahar irDA (infrared) ko radio (Bluetooth ko Wi-Fi) domin sarrafa computer.

 2. Keyboard


(Kibod) Wani dogon abu ne mai madannai ajikinsa dashi ake amfani wajen shigarwa da kwamfiyuta rubutu, ko sarrafa computer wajen bata umarnin gudanar da wasu daidaikun al'amura cikin sauri. 

Akwai ire-iren keyboard har guda uku akwai mai tsarin QWERTY da kuma AZERTY da DVORAK.
Abinda ya banbanta su shine yadda aka jera haruffan amma a wajen aiki duk daya ne. Sai dai Qwerty keyboard da turanci aka tsara shi kamar yadda Azerty kuma da Faransanci aka tsara shi.

3. Monitor

 Wannan shine allon na'urar computer 🖥 mai kama da talbijin (TV) shi yake nuna duk abubuwan da suke faruwa acikin kwamfiyuta.

4. System Unit

Wannan shine CPU (Central Processing Unit) cibiyar dake gudanar da na'urar gaba daya duk abinda ka shigar (input) zai shiga cikin masarrafar system unit a sarrafashi sa'annan a fitar da sakamakon (output). 

 

5. Speaker


Ta cikin speaker zaka rika karbar sakon sauti na audio ko video ko helper voice. 

6. Printer



Injin dake amayo da takardar da aka rubuta ko duk wani documents da aka tsara cikin computer 

7. UPS

(Ultra Power Supply): Wani ma'adanin wutan lantarki ne yana taimakawa idan kana aiki da kwamfiyuta ko an dauke wuta zaka iya ci gaba da aikinka ba tare da na'urar ta dauke har tsawon a kalla minti 15, yadda zaka sami damar rufe abubuwan da kake aiki da su har ka kashe kwamfiyutar ka. To kaga a nan da zarar an dauke wuta nan take UPS zai cigaba da aiki a computarka batare da computar ta dauke ba.
  
 Amfanin kwamfiyuta 


Ana amfani da kwamfiyuta a abubuwa da dama misali:- 

(a) Buga Takardu

(b) Lissafi

(c) Bincike 

(d) Aikin bankuna 

(e) Shirya sakamakon jarrabawa 

(f) Kere-kere 

(g) zane-zane

(h) Koyon karatu 

(i) kasuwanci 

(j) shiga Intanet 

(k) Tuka jirage da motoci

(l) Tiyata a asibiti

(m) Sarrafa makamai

Da dai sauran abubuwa masu dinbin yawa.

 Rashin amfanin kwamfiyuta ko illolinta



Kamar yadda yawancin abubuwa a duniya suna da amfaninsu kuma suna da rashin amfani haka ita ma kwamfiyuta tana da amfaninta kuma tana da rashin amfani. 

Rashin amfanin kwamfiyuta sune:- 

Tsada: Kwamfiyuta tana da tsada musamman Laptop

Kashe aiki : Aikin da ma’aikata goma zasuyi a wata a rinka basu albashi kwamfiyuta zata iya yinsa a kwana daya, kaga su ma’aikata sun rasa aiki.

Wuyar sha'ani: kwamfiyuta tana da abubuwa da yawa kafin ace ka koyi wannan, sannan ka koyi wannan sai ka dau lokaci sosai.

Zurfi: karatunta akwai zurfi, karatun kwamfiyuta akwai zurfi, misali akalla kwamfiyuta tana da programming language sama da dari kafin ace ka koyi daya sai kadau watanni. 

Virus:- kwamfiyuta tana diban cuta (Virus) idan cuta ya kamata zata rinka wasu abubuwa daban kamar goge maka fayil canza fayil satan kalmomin sirri da sauransu.

Bata lokaci: Tana bata lokaci musamman ga yara kanana tana hanasu damar yin karatu a lokacin daya dace sai su bata lokaci mai yawa suna wasan gem ko dadewa a yanar gizo.


KARANTA WANNAN: ► Illoli Da kuma Amfanin Hasken Rana Ga Dan Adam


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